Long distance trade and travel
Reasons To Travel
-nomadic peoples traveled for migration and conquests
-East European and African slaves traveled because they were forced to
-pilgrims took journeys to visit holy shrines
-travel for: trade, diplomacy, and missionary activity
-cross cultural interactions helped spread technological innovations
Trade
-two networks of trade: land and sea
-land: luxury goods of high value relative to their weight, often traveled overland on the silk -road and trans-Saharan routes
-sea: bulkier commodities, through sea-lanes in the Indian Ocean
-through the silk road, trans-Saharan routes, and Indian Ocean sea-lanes, trade touched almost every part of the eastern hemisphere
-as the volume of trade increased, the major port cities grew
-cities had large quarters occupied by communities of foreign merchants
-a good port city had: strategic location, good order, and no excessive custom fees
-Melaka is a major trade city that arose during this time
-maintained a safe market that welcomed all merchants and levied reasonable fees on exchanged goods
-nomadic peoples traveled for migration and conquests
-East European and African slaves traveled because they were forced to
-pilgrims took journeys to visit holy shrines
-travel for: trade, diplomacy, and missionary activity
-cross cultural interactions helped spread technological innovations
Trade
-two networks of trade: land and sea
-land: luxury goods of high value relative to their weight, often traveled overland on the silk -road and trans-Saharan routes
-sea: bulkier commodities, through sea-lanes in the Indian Ocean
-through the silk road, trans-Saharan routes, and Indian Ocean sea-lanes, trade touched almost every part of the eastern hemisphere
-as the volume of trade increased, the major port cities grew
-cities had large quarters occupied by communities of foreign merchants
-a good port city had: strategic location, good order, and no excessive custom fees
-Melaka is a major trade city that arose during this time
-maintained a safe market that welcomed all merchants and levied reasonable fees on exchanged goods
Diplomacy
-Khubilai Khan and other Mongol rulers of China did not trust their Chinese subjects so they appointed foreigners to administrative posts
-Marco Polo reported that Khubilai Khan appointed him governor of a large trading city
-this helped Khubilai Khan because he was wise about trade and represented Khan’s interests on diplomatic missions
-the increase in large trade networks and imperial states, created demand for political and diplomatic representation
-a diplomacy occurred between the Mongols and European Christians
-they both considered a military alliance against their common enemy of Muslims
-Pope Innocent IV dispatched a series of envoys who invited the Muslim khans to convert to Christianity and join in an alliance against Muslims
-the khans declined to convert, and instead ordering the pope and European Christians to submit to Mongol rule or face destruction
-the diplomacy between the Mongols and the European Christians offered little cooperation
-the Mongols tried again later, by sending Rabban Sauma in hopes of gaining support in a planned attack on Muslims, though he did not succeed
-Ghazan, the new ilkhan of Persia, converted to Islam, thus ending any possibility for an alliance
-Rabban Sauma is a major diplomat during this time
-Khubilai Khan and other Mongol rulers of China did not trust their Chinese subjects so they appointed foreigners to administrative posts
-Marco Polo reported that Khubilai Khan appointed him governor of a large trading city
-this helped Khubilai Khan because he was wise about trade and represented Khan’s interests on diplomatic missions
-the increase in large trade networks and imperial states, created demand for political and diplomatic representation
-a diplomacy occurred between the Mongols and European Christians
-they both considered a military alliance against their common enemy of Muslims
-Pope Innocent IV dispatched a series of envoys who invited the Muslim khans to convert to Christianity and join in an alliance against Muslims
-the khans declined to convert, and instead ordering the pope and European Christians to submit to Mongol rule or face destruction
-the diplomacy between the Mongols and the European Christians offered little cooperation
-the Mongols tried again later, by sending Rabban Sauma in hopes of gaining support in a planned attack on Muslims, though he did not succeed
-Ghazan, the new ilkhan of Persia, converted to Islam, thus ending any possibility for an alliance
-Rabban Sauma is a major diplomat during this time
Missionary
-Islamic values, partially, spread through the missionary activities of Sufi mystics
-Sufis ventured into recently conquered land and sought to win a popular following
-they did not insist on a strict, doctrinally correct understanding of Islam, but rather emphasized piety and devotion to Allah
-they even tolerated continuing reverence of traditional deities
-by taking a flexible approach to their missions, the Sufis spread Islamic values without facing the resistance that unyielding campaigns would likely have provoked
-also, Roman Catholic missionaries traveled in the interests to spread Christianity
-missionaries accompanied the crusaders and other forces to all the lands
-where European conquerors maintained a long term presence, missionaries attracted converts in large numbers
-the most ambitious missions sought to convert Mongols and Chinese to Roman Catholic Christianity
-as more European merchants and diplomats traveled into the far east, missionaries started to appear as well
-their expatriate communities created a demand for Roman Catholic services
-priests who traveled to China intended to serve, but also sought to attract converts
-the major missionary in China was John of Montecorvino
-He worked energetically to establish Roman Catholicism in China, though had little success
-Islamic values, partially, spread through the missionary activities of Sufi mystics
-Sufis ventured into recently conquered land and sought to win a popular following
-they did not insist on a strict, doctrinally correct understanding of Islam, but rather emphasized piety and devotion to Allah
-they even tolerated continuing reverence of traditional deities
-by taking a flexible approach to their missions, the Sufis spread Islamic values without facing the resistance that unyielding campaigns would likely have provoked
-also, Roman Catholic missionaries traveled in the interests to spread Christianity
-missionaries accompanied the crusaders and other forces to all the lands
-where European conquerors maintained a long term presence, missionaries attracted converts in large numbers
-the most ambitious missions sought to convert Mongols and Chinese to Roman Catholic Christianity
-as more European merchants and diplomats traveled into the far east, missionaries started to appear as well
-their expatriate communities created a demand for Roman Catholic services
-priests who traveled to China intended to serve, but also sought to attract converts
-the major missionary in China was John of Montecorvino
-He worked energetically to establish Roman Catholicism in China, though had little success
College Board Themes
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems
The trade and commerce occurring in the eastern hemisphere promoted expansion, technological innovation, and industrialization.
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict
The diplomacy occurring between China and the Roman Catholic Europeans against the Muslims.
Comparisons
The long distance traveling of the missionaries and the diplomats is contrasting to the Manor System Lords during early Europe.
The long distance trade is contrasting to the east coast trade in Africa that traded as if down a line.
The long distance trade is similar to the trade across the Sahara desert once camels were used.
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems
The trade and commerce occurring in the eastern hemisphere promoted expansion, technological innovation, and industrialization.
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict
The diplomacy occurring between China and the Roman Catholic Europeans against the Muslims.
Comparisons
The long distance traveling of the missionaries and the diplomats is contrasting to the Manor System Lords during early Europe.
The long distance trade is contrasting to the east coast trade in Africa that traded as if down a line.
The long distance trade is similar to the trade across the Sahara desert once camels were used.